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Reports & Publications

The Journal of the National Association of Environmental Education

VOLUME 125 - AUTUMN 2020

By Florence Gichoya 


ABSTRACT


After decades of conservation research in various landscapes in Kenya, a small group of Kenyan nationals founded the African Conservation Centre (ACC) in 1995. ACC's work is mainly focused in four landscape areas in Kenya: Amboseli, Maasai Mara, Laikipia and the South Rift. These are have the richest vertebrate diversity in African and have a third of all Kenya's wildlife population. Conservation education is at the heart of ACC's work. It complements the academic curriculum by empowering and giving opportunities to schoolchildren to identify their role in conservation as well as taking action on issues affecting the environment.

PLOS ONE

SEPTEMBER 18, 2020

Tobias Ochieng Nyumba | Olobeli Engini Emenye | Nigel Leader-Williams


ABSTRACT


Human-elephant conflict is an often intractable problem that threatens the contribution of conservation interventions to human wellbeing and securing livelihoods in Africa and Asia. Local human populations living in key elephant ranges are among the world’s most poor and vulnerable people. In efforts to address this problem, previous studies have mainly focused on the direct impacts of conflict and applied standard regression models based on the assumption of individual-level homogeneity. More recently, human-elephant conflict has been seen to extend well beyond the physical, to the psychological and social sides of wellbeing.


However, the impacts on human wellbeing have not been robustly explored, especially for local communities co-existing with elephants. We evaluated the impacts of conflicts on the wellbeing of local communities around the world-famous Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. We conducted 18 focus group discussions with 120 community members in different locations and administered a questionnaire survey to 367 sampled households from 26 sub-locations in Trans Mara. We used descriptive statistics with appropriate statistical tests, including propensity score matching, to evaluate the impacts of conflict on human wellbeing. Before matching, the results of the descriptive statistics showed differences between households experiencing conflicts and those without in terms of gender, age, education level, household size, benefiting from elephant conservation, main occupation and number of income sources.


Our matching results indicate the existence of a significant negative and positive impacts on four and one of our eight wellbeing indicators for households that experienced conflicts, respectively. Better conflict mitigation approaches and conservation policies need to be adopted to realize the harmonious and concurrent development of ecological and wellbeing objectives.

Swara

JULY - SEPTEMBER 2020

Swara: A Review of the Nairobi National Park Plan 2020-2030

David Western


ABSTRACT


Restoration calls for good science to guide management. Nairobi National Park (NNP) was gazetted as Kenya’s first park in 1946, a far less populous era.


In 1967, as a graduate student at the University of Nairobi, I watched the wealth of plains animals move from the short-cropped plains into the valleys and swamps as the season hardened, tracked by lions and cheetahs. A wildlife spectacle, the park gave tourists their first views of lions, cheetahs, giraffes, buffalos and rhinos.


Today the great migrations have vanished, the herds blocked by fences, homes and roads. Wildlife numbers have shrunk as eye-height grasses have encroached for lack of grazing and fire, offering poor fodder to herbivores wary of lurking predators. The predators, short of wild prey, often turn on livestock. The paucity of wildlife and dense cover has weakened the tourist appeal of the park, further diminished by an overhead rail, the southern bypass, and now a goods depot.


No wish or plan can bring back the great migrations. We do, though, have a last chance to keep wildlife movements alive and restore a semblance of the park’s 1960s spectacle and appeal.

Photo © Tom Hill

Amboseli Conservation Program

AUGUST 2020

Bucking the Dismal Decline in Wildlife: Amboseli Numbers are Going Up

David Western | Victor N. Mose


ABSTRACT


Amboseli Conservation Program’s five decades of continuous monitoring the Amboseli region shows an astonishing turnaround for wildlife after years of decline. Many species are now more abundant than forty-five years ago, a remarkable contrast to the rapid losses across Africa and around the world.


What explains this small point of light in a gloomy outlook for wildlife? What lessons does Amboseli offer conservation? And how can the success be kept up as the space for wildlife shrinks?


As scientists patch together wildlife counts of the past few decades, a dismal picture emerges. Joseph Ogutu and associates (2016) show wildlife to have declined by over two thirds in Kenya since the late 1970s. Western and colleagues found similar declines in protected areas (Western et al., 2009), and yet other biologists show numbers to have fallen by well over a half across Africa (Caro and Scholte, 2007; Craigie et al., 2010).


Africa’s wildlife losses mirror worldwide trends. The World Wildlife Fund’s distillation of 14,000 populations of 3,700 species of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles have slumped by nearly sixty percent in forty years (WWF 2016). The causes? Over-harvesting, land and habitat loss, ecosystem degradation and climate change.


In our ACP counts of the eastern Kajiado’s former pastoral lands north and south of Amboseli we find the same picture. Here, where migratory populations of wildebeest, zebra, elephants, giraffe and eland spread from the slopes of Kilimanjaro to the Mombasa Road in the early 1970s, the herds have all but vanished. Amboseli stands alone as the only ecosystem in Kenya to have sustained its wildlife numbers since the 1970s. More remarkably, the numbers of two threatened species, the elephant and giraffe, have grown.


Let’s take a closer look at the Amboseli record and the cause of its conservation success.

People & Nature: British Ecological Society

JANUARY 2020

Conservation from the inside-out: Winning space and a place for wildlife in working landscapes

David Western | Peter Tyrrell | Peadar Brehony | Samantha Russell | Guy Western | John Kamanga


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


1. Protected areas fall far short of securing the space needed to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem function at a global scale and in the face of climate change.


2. The prospects of conserving biodiversity in working landscapes help buffer the insularization effects of protected areas and hold great potential for biodiversity conservation on a landscape scale but depend on finding adequate space and a meaningful place in the lives of rural land users.


3. Using a case study in southern Kenya, we show that the conservation of large open landscapes, biodiversity and the coexistence between wildlife and live-stock can be achieved indirectly by reinforcing pastoral practices that depend on open space, mobility, social networks and institutional arrangements governing common-pool resources.


4. Pastoral practices and wildlife both depend on large multiscale interactions within interlinked social and ecological systems, which are threatened by land fragmen-tation, alienation and degradation.


5. We show that large open spaces can be maintained by using a conservation ap-proach starting from within community aspirations that emphasize the links be-tween livelihoods, productivity, efficiency and resilience in pastoral economies and the secondary benefits of wildlife enterprises.


6. Scaling up from an ecosystem to multi-scale approach benefits pastoral commu-nities by building resilience and new economic opportunities. In the process, the expanded scale conserves regional biodiversity and large free-ranging herbivore and carnivore populations underpinning ecosystem function and the nationally important tourism industry centered on the Kenya–Tanzania boundary.


7. The ‘inside-out’ approach to the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity is place-based, draws on local knowledge and informal governance arrangements and avoids the stigma of wildlife conservation driven by outside agencies.

Development Corridor Project

Development Corridors in Kenya - A Scoping Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


This report presents the results of the study ‘‘Development Corridors in Kenya: A Scoping Study”. The objective was to review the current baseline situation in relation to mega-scale development corridor projects in Kenya with regard to the people and society, environment, conservation and development. The work forms the basis for the planning and implementation of the Development Corridors Partnership (DCP) research programme that will offer innovative solutions towards achieving these mentioned goals both in Kenya and Tanzania but also aims to showcase best practice applicable to other countries and regions.


The scope of the report includes a conceptual framework for understanding development corridors in Kenya and related initiatives as outlined in the National Spatial Plan 2015-2045, with the Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) and Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) corridors being the two main corridors under consideration. It then reviews a broad array of stakeholders and their influence on Kenya’s development corridors. It analyses the development corridor implementation in Kenya by looking into Corridor Project Negotiation and Agreement Process, challenges to corridor implementation, litigation and resultant impacts. It goes further to highlight potential social and ecological impacts of development corridors, and climate change-related risks facing the development corridors.


The study applied several data collection and analysis tools. Literature review, stakeholder analysis and a critical review of relevant policies and legislation were completed to identify actors and policy, as well as legislative frameworks relevant to the development corridors in Kenya. Efforts were also made to collect data from selected government agencies and actors through telephone and email communications (Section 1.1 to 1.3).

Kenya Vision 2030

Report on Wildlife Migratory Corridors & Dispersal Areas: Kenya Rangelands & Coastal Terrestrial Ecosystems

OVERVIEW


ACC contributed data to this comprehensive report on wildlife dispersal areas and migratory corridors in Kenya’s rangeland and coastal terrestrial ecosystems. It identifies and maps wildlife habitat connectivity and associated conservation issues and concerns. It also recommends strategies for securing dispersal areas and migratory corridors for the future.

Human Ecology — An Interdisciplinary Journal

Variability and Change in Maasai Views of Wildlife and the Implications for Conservation

David Western | D. L. Manzolillo Nightingale | Victor Nyaliki Mose | Johnson Ole Sipitiek | Kennedy S. Kimiti

ABSTRACT


Surveys conducted across sections of the pastoral Maasai of Kenya show a wide variety of values for wildlife, ranging from utility and medicinal uses to environmental indicators, commerce, and tourism. Attitudes toward wildlife are highly variable, depending on perceived threats and uses. Large carnivores and herbivores pose the greatest threats to people, livestock, and crops, but also have many positive values. Attitudes vary with gender, age, education, and land holding, but most of all with the source of livelihood and location, which bears on relative abundance of useful and threatening species. Traditional pastoral practices and cultural views that accommodated coexistence between livestock and wildlife are dwindling and being replaced by new values and sensibilities as pastoral practices give way to new livelihoods, lifestyles, and aspirations. Human-wildlife conflict has grown with the transition from mobile pastoralism to sedentary livelihoods. Unless the new values offset the loss of traditional values, wildlife will continue to decline. New wildlife-based livelihoods show that continued coexistence is possible despite the changes underway.

Journal of Applied Ecology

Fencing solves human-wildlife conflict locally but shifts problems elsewhere: A case study using functional connectivity modelling of the African elephant

Liudmila Osipova | Moses M. Okello | Steven J. Njumbi | Shadrack Ngene | David Western | Matt W. Hayward | Niko Balkenhol


ABSTRACT


1. Fencing is one of the most common methods of mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. At the same time, fencing is considered one of the most pressing threats emerging in conservation globally. Although fences act as barriers and can cause population isolation and fragmentation over time, it is difficult to quantitatively predict the consequences fences have for wildlife.


2. Here, we model how fencing designed to mitigate human-elephant conflict (HEC) on the Borderlands between Kenya and Tanzania will affect functional connectivity and movement corridors for African elephants. Specifically, we (a) model functional landscape connectivity integrating natural and anthropogenic factors; (b) predict seasonal movement corridors used by elephants in non-protected areas; and (c) evaluate whether fencing in one area can potentially intensify human-wildlife conflicts elsewhere.


3. We used GPS movement and remote sensing data to develop monthly step-selection functions to model functional connectivity. For future scenarios, we used an ongoing fencing project designed for HEC mitigation within the study area. We modelled movement corridors using least-cost path and circuit theory methods, evaluated their predictive power and quantified connectivity changes resulting from the planned fencing.


4. Our results suggest that fencing will not cause landscape fragmentation and will not change functional landscape connectivity dramatically. However, fencing will lead to a loss of connectivity locally and will increase the potential for HEC in new areas. We estimate that wetlands, important for movement corridors, will be more intensively used by the elephants, which may also cause problems of overgrazing. Seasonal analysis highlights an increasing usage of non-protected lands in the dry season and equal importance of the pinch point wetlands for preserving overall function connectivity


5. Synthesis and applications. Fencing is a solution to small-scale human-elephant conflict problems but will not solve the issue at a broader scale. Moreover, our results highlight that it may intensify the conflicts and overuse of habitat patches in other areas, thereby negating conservation benefits. If fencing is employed on a broader scale, then it is imperative that corridors are integrated within protected area networks to ensure local connectivity of affected species.

Animal Conservation Journal

Using step-selection functions to model landscape connectivity for African elephants: accounting for variability across individuals and seasons

L. Osipova | M. M. Okello | S. J. Njumbi | S. Ngene | D. Western | M. W. Hayward | N. Balkenhol


ABSTRACT


Landscape connectivity is an important component of systematic conservation planning. Step-selection functions (SSFs) is a highly promising method for connectivity modeling. However, differences in movement behavior across individuals and seasons are usually not considered in current SSF-based analyses, potentially leading to imprecise connectivity models. Here, our objective was to use SSFs to build functional connectivity models for African elephants Loxodonta africana in a seasonal environment to illustrate the temporal variability of functional landscape connectivity.


We provide a methodological framework for integrating detected interindividual variability into resistance surface modeling, for assessing how landscape connectivity changes across seasons, and for evaluating how seasonal connectivity differences affect predictions of movement corridors. Using radio-tracking data from elephants in the Borderland area between Kenya and Tanzania, we applied SSFs to create seasonal landscape resistance surfaces. Based on seasonal models, we predicted movement corridors connecting major protected areas (PAs) using circuit theory and least-cost path analysis. Our findings demonstrate that individual variability and seasonality lead to substantial changes in landscape connectivity and predicted movement corridors. Specifically, we show that the models disregarding seasonal resource fluctuations underestimate connectivity for the wet and transitional seasons, and overestimate connectivity for the dry season. Based on our seasonal models, we predicted a connectivity network between large PAs and highlight seasonal and consistent patterns that are most important for effective management planning. Our findings reveal that elephant movements in the borderland between Kenya and Tanzania are essential for maintaining connectivity in the dry season, and that existing corridors do not protect these movements in full extent.

Kenya’s Natural Capital — Business & Biodiversity

Natural Capital Underpins Business Growth

OVERVIEW


Kenya is endowed with rich natural capital and biodiversity. Its diverse landscapes range from the Chalbi Desert in the north to the snow-clad peaks of Mt. Kenya, from the white beaches of the Indian Ocean to the shores of Lake Victoria, and from the rolling plains of Maasai Mara to the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The interactions between topography, soils, hydrology, plants, animals and peoples within each eco-climatic zone create locally distinctive ecosystems, including different types of forests, woodlands, shrublands, grass-lands, deserts, wetlands, lakes and rivers, mon-tane, afro-alpine and marine ecosystems. Kenya, ranks among the world’s richest biodiversity nations and hosts over 35,000 species, including more than 7000 plant species and many endemic, rare, endangered and threatened species.

Kenya’s Natural Capital — Tertiary Institutions

Natural Capital Underpins Kenya’s Prosperity

OVERVIEW


Kenya is endowed with rich natural capital and biodiversity. Its diverse landscapes range from the Chalbi Desert in the north to the snow-clad peaks of Mt. Kenya, from the white beaches of the Indian Ocean to the shores of Lake Victoria, and from the rolling plains of Maasai Mara to the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The interactions between topography, soils, hydrology, plants, animals and peoples within each eco-climatic zone create locally distinctive ecosystems, including different types of forests, woodlands, shrublands, grass-lands, deserts, wetlands, lakes and rivers, mon-tane, afro-alpine and marine ecosystems. Kenya, ranks among the world’s richest biodiversity nations and hosts over 35,000 species, including more than 7000 plant species and many endemic, rare, endangered and threatened species.

Kenya’s Natural Capital — County Decision Makers

Natural Capital Underpins Urban & Rural Livelihoods

OVERVIEW


Kenya is endowed with rich natural capital and biodiversity. Its diverse landscapes range from the Chalbi Desert in the north to the snow-clad peaks of Mt. Kenya, from the white beaches of the Indian Ocean to the shores of Lake Victoria, and from the rolling plains of Maasai Mara to the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The interactions between topography, soils, hydrology, plants, animals and peoples within each eco-climatic zone create locally distinctive ecosystems, including different types of forests, woodlands, shrublands, grass-lands, deserts, wetlands, lakes and rivers, mon-tane, afro-alpine and marine ecosystems. Kenya, ranks among the world’s richest biodiversity nations and hosts over 35,000 species, including more than 7000 plant species and many endemic, rare, endangered and threatened species.

Kenya’s Natural Capital — National Policy Makers

Natural Capital Underpins Kenya’s Prosperity

OVERVIEW


Kenya is endowed with rich natural capital and biodiversity. Its diverse landscapes range from the Chalbi Desert in the north to the snow-clad peaks of Mt. Kenya, from the white beaches of the Indian Ocean to the shores of Lake Victoria, and from the rolling plains of Maasai Mara to the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The interactions between topography, soils, hydrology, plants, animals and peoples within each eco-climatic zone create locally distinctive ecosystems, including different types of forests, woodlands, shrublands, grass-lands, deserts, wetlands, lakes and rivers, mon-tane, afro-alpine and marine ecosystems. Kenya, ranks among the world’s richest biodiversity nations and hosts over 35,000 species, including more than 7000 plant species and many endemic, rare, endangered and threatened species.

Parks Vol 21.1 March 2015

Finding Space for Wildlife Beyond National Parks and Reducing Conflict Through Community-Based Conservation

David Western | John Waithaka | John Kamanga


ABSTRACT


Protected area coverage has expanded rapidly in the last few decades and is set to span 17 percent of the world’s terrestrial area by 2020. Despite the conservation gains, biodiversity is declining and human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is increasing, especially in Africa. Recognizing that vertebrates require far more space than the protected areas cover and that most biodiversity resides in human-modified landscapes, conservation efforts are turning to rural landscapes. Biodiversity conservation in rural lands hinges on landowners accommodating wildlife, and resolving HWC that undermines their willingness to conserve. We look at policies and practices embedded in community-based conservation in Kenya that address HWC through devolved rights and responsibilities for wildlife management dating from the 1970s, drawing on lessons from traditional practices rooted in coexistence.

LCAOF Elephants Workshop Agenda

2012

Magadi Species Population Estimates

2013

Conserving Elephants in the Tanzania-Kenya Borderlands: Forging a Collaborative Approach

Arusha 16 & 17 February 2012


EXCERPT


Cross-border collaboration is vital for conserving the large elephant population in Tanzania-Kenya borderlands and connecting the fragmented herds spread among the many national parks, reserves and community wildlife areas in the region. The borderlands elephant population is the best studied and most famous in all Africa and a key attraction in the $1.3 billion tourism industry of Tanzania and Kenya.

Towards a National Biodiversity Conservation Framework

Key Findings and Policy Recommendations Proceedings of the International Conference on Biodiversity, Land-use and Climate Change, September 2010, Nairobi, Kenya


EXCERPT


Following a three-day International Conference on Biodiversity, Land-use and Climate Change held on September 15-17, 2010 in Nairobi, a special policy session of the conference was held to consolidate the policy findings and recommendations arising in the course of the conference. The policy session was convened by the African Centre for Technology Studies and chaired by the Executive Director, Professor Judy Wakhungu. A team made up of Bernard Agwanda, Patricia Awori, James Isiche, Steve Itela and Steve Njumbi compiled the findings and prepared the draft report.

Year-End Report From SORALO & ACC

To the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden and its Angel Fund 2012


INTRODUCTION


The year 2012 brought many small but significant changes to SORALO and its work in the South

Rift including:


  • Revamping the Resource Assessor program and successfully streamlining it with the information needs of the local community
  • Expanding the Rebuilding the Pride work (including deploying 5 lion GPS collars, conducting cross comparisons with Amboseli and developing a conflict mitigation response team)
  • Focusing on launching the Cultural Heritage program and its associated Shield Project
  • An expansion of the network of conservancies in the region
  • A revision of the Game Scouts program
  • A revision of the roles and responsibilities of key SORALO personnel


It was a significant year also for the development of the relationship between SORALO and its

work and the Cincinnati Zoo. Not only did Lale’enok host Thane and Kathleen Maynard and

their visitors from the US but recognition of achievements spread both ways across the Atlantic

with John Kamanga being awarded the CZBGs Wildlife Conservation Award, and Thane

Maynard being made an honorary Maasai elder.

Kenya Rangelands Coalition 1st Launch Meeting Synthesis Report

Kenya Wildlife Service Safari Walk Education Hall, August 2, 2011, Nairobi, Kenya


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - EXCERPT


The future of rangelands and management of wildlife in Kenya is at a crossroads. Land subdivision, population growth, climate change, devastating droughts, land degradation and unsustainable land use practices threaten the future of pastoralism and wildlife conservation in the rangelands. Almost 80% of Kenya is covered by rangelands, which hosts 60% of its livestock production, 60% of the carbon stocks and virtually all of the countries immense wildlife heritage, yet these regions have been largely marginalized when discussing policy and development issues for the country due to lack of representation and fractured advocacy practices. The passing of a new constitution in Kenya in August, 2010 has provided a new opportunity to address these concerns, and for communities and associations who have for decades grazed livestock and conserved wildlife to come together and form a strong, singular voice, empowered to determine their future and that of the rangelands.

Videos

Kenya’s Wildlife: A Success Story Still in the Making?

Dr. David Western's shares the journey of conservation in Kenya from its independence to current times.

In 1963, Kenya’s new government initially excluded communities in the management of wildlife. As a young doctoral student, Western gave a public lecture at the National Museums of Kenya and proposed that Kenya’s government should engage communities in wildlife conservation, since pastoral communities who keep livestock have co-existed with wildlife for centuries. His clarion call was that the future of wildlife was beyond parks because the majority of Kenya’s wildlife lives outside the protected parks and reserves. Here he speaks on the progress of conservation from the 60's to 2019.

PUBLIC LECTURE, FEBRUARY 21, 2019 — NAIROBI, KENYA

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH WILDLIFE CLUBS OF KENYA, NATURE KENYA & NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF KENYA

Amboseli Conservation Program Publications

WESTERN, D. & FINCH, V. A. (1986) Drought, Cattle and Pastoralism: Survival and Production in Arid Lands. Human Ecology, 14, 77-94.


WESTERN, D. & PEARL, M. (1989) Conservation for the Twenty-first Century, Oxford University Press, New York.


WESTERN, D. & GICHOHI, H. (1993) Segregation Effects and the Impoverishment of Savanna Parks: The Case for an Ecosystem Viability Analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 269-281.


WESTERN, D., WRIGHT, M. & STRUM, S. C. (1994) Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, Island Press, Washington DC.


WESTERN, D. (2000) What Can We Do to Ease Life for Pastoral Nomads? Daily Nation Newspaper, 1 July 2000.


WESTERN, D. (2003) Conservation Science in Africa and the Role of International Collaboration. Conservation Biology, 17, 1-10.


WESTERN, D. (2004a) The Challenge of Integrated Rangeland Monitoring: Synthesis address. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 21, 61-68.


WESTERN, D. (2004b) Managing the Wilds: Should Stewards be Pilots? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment- Forum, 2, 495-496.


WESTERN, D. & MAITUMO, D. (2004) Woodland Loss and Restoration in a Savanna Park: A 20-year Experiment. African Journal of Ecology, 42, 111-121.


WESTERN, D. & NIGHTINGALE, D. (2004) Environmental Change and the Vulnerability of Pastoralists to Drought: The Maasai in Amboseli, Kenya, Earthprint (on Behalf of) United Nations Environmental Program, London.


WESTERN, D. (2005) The Ecology and Changes of the Amboseli Ecosystem – Recommendations for Planning and Conservation, Unpublished Report submitted to the Science and Planning Committee of the Amboseli Task Force.


WESTERN, D. (2009) 2009 Drought: Special Insight, Daily Nation Newspaper, Horizon Supplement, 1 October 2009.


WESTERN, D. & BEHRENSMEYER, A. K. (2009) Bone Assemblages Track Animal Community Structure over 40 Years in an African Savanna Ecosystem, Science, Vol. 324. no. 5930, pp. 106 – 1064.


WESTERN, D, GROOM, R. & WORDEN, J. (2009) The Impact of Sedentarization and Subdivision of Pastoral Lands in an African Savanna Ecosystem, Biological Conservation, 142, 2538-2546.


WESTERN, D., RUSSELL, S. & CUTHILL, I. (2009) The Status of Wildlife in Protected Areas Compared to Non-Protected Areas in Kenya, PloS One, 4: e6140. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006140.


2009 Western, D. Rethinking Wildlife: Bridging the Conservation Divide. In Reconceptualizing Wildlife Conservation. Ed. Toshio Meguro. African Centre for Technological Studies. Nairobi.


2009 Western, D. Ecotourism, Conservation and Development in East Africa: How the Philanthropic Traveler can Make a Difference. Proceedings of the Traveler’s Philanthropy Symposium. Arusha, Tanzania.


2009 Western D and Behrensmeyer. K.A. Bone Assemblage Tracks Community Structure over 40-years in an African Savanna Ecosystem. Science. 234: 1061-1064.


2009 Western, D., Russell, S. and Cuthill, I. The Status of Protected Areas Compared to Non-protected Areas of Kenya. PLoS One. 4 (7): 1-6.


2009 Western, D. The Future of Maasailand, its People and Wildlife. In Staying Maasai. Livelihoods, Conservation and Development in East African Rangelands. Editors K. Holmewood, P. Kristjanson and P. Trench. Springer, New York.


2009 Western, D Groom, R and Worden, J. The Impact of Land Subdivision and Sedentarization of Pastoralist on Wildlife in an African Savanna Ecosystem. Biological Conservation 142: 2538-2546.


2010 Western, D. People, Elephants and Habitat in a Amboseli National Park: A Century of Change Detected by Repeat Photography. In Repeat Photography: Methods and Applications in the Geological and Ecological Sciences. Ed. R.H. Webb, Boyer, D.E. and Turner, R.M. Island Press, Washington, D.C.


2010 Western, D. Conservation of Art and Species. In Coping with the Past. Creative Perspectives on Conservation and Restoration. Edited Pasquale Gagliardi, Bruno Latour and Pedro Memelsdorf. Leo Olschki. Furenzi. Italy.


2010 Western, D. Conservation in an Age of Climate Change. Swara: 1. 24-25.


2010 Western, D. The Worst Drought: Tipping Point or Turning Point. Swara: 2.16-20.


2010 Western et al. Towards a National Conservation Framework. Policy Recommendations of the Conference on Biodiversity, Land Use and Climate Change. African Center for Technological Studies, Nairobi.


2011 Ahlering, M.A., Millspaugh, J.J., Woods, R.J., Western, D. and Eggert, L.S. 2009. Elevated levels of stress hormones detected in crop-raiding male elephants. Animal Conservation 14 (2) 124-130.


2011 Dunne, T., Western, D. and Dietrich, W. The Effects of Cattle Trampling on Vegetation, Infiltration and Erosion in Rangelands in Southern Kenya. Journal of Arid Environments. 75: 58-69.


2012 Sunstrom, S, Tynon, J. and Western, D. Rangeland Privatization and the Maasai experience: Social Capital and the Implications for Traditional Resource Management in Southern Kenya. Society and Natural Resources. 2(5).


2012 Mose, V.N., Nguyen-HUU, T., Auger, P., Western, D., 2012. Modelling Herbivore Population Dynamics in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Ecological Complexity 10:42-51.


2012 Ahlering, M. A., J. E. Maldonado, R. C. Fleischer, D. Western, and L. S. Eggert. Fine-scale Group Structure and Demography of African Savannah Elephants Recolonizing Lands Outside Protected Areas. Diversity and Distributions 18:1-10.


2012 Ahlering, M.A., Eggert, L.S., Western. D., Estes, A., Munishi. L., Fleischer, R., Roberts, M., and Maldonado, J.E. Identifying Source Populations and Genetic Structure for Savannah Elephants in Human-dominated Landscapes and Protected Areas in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderlands. PLoS ONE 7 (12):1-9).


2013 Mose V. N., Nguyen-Huu, T., Western, D., Auger, P., Nyandwi, C. Modelling the Dynamics of Migrations for Large Herbivore Populations in the Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Ecological Modelling (254) 43-49.

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